![]() Side lobes and grating lobes artifacts in ultrasound imaging. Sydney, Australia: High Frequency Publishing, 2012. The physics and technology of diagnostic ultrasound: a practitioner’s guide. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Diagnostic ultrasound imaging: inside out. ![]() Diagnostic ultrasound: physics and equipment. The ability of a radiologist to understand the fundamental physics of ultrasound, recognize common US artifacts, and provide recommendations for altering the imaging technique is essential for proper image interpretation, troubleshooting, and utilization of the full potential of this modality. Relatively new US modes, such as spatial compounding, tissue harmonic imaging, and speckle reduction imaging, are now often standard in many imaging protocols the effects of these modes on US artifacts are discussed. The underlying physical mechanisms and appearances are discussed, followed by real-world strategies to mitigate or accentuate these artifacts, depending on the clinical application. Specifically, artifacts discussed include those related to physical mechanisms of spatial resolution, speckle, secondary lobes, reflection and reverberation, refraction, speed of sound, and attenuation. This review is limited to gray-scale artifacts and is organized into discussions of beam- and resolution-related, location-related (ie, path and speed), and attenuation-related artifacts. Therefore, understanding the physical basis of US image formation is critical to understanding US artifacts and thus proper image interpretation. Many of these artifacts can be understood as deviations from the assumptions made in generating the image. They are essential in making ultrasonography (US) a clinically useful imaging modality but also can lead to errors in image interpretation and can obscure diagnoses. Artifacts are frequently encountered at clinical US, and while some are unwanted, others may reveal valuable information related to the structure and composition of the underlying tissue.
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